Analysis
The tallies of attacks, attacks on children, attacks on adults,
fatalities, and maimings on the above data sheet must be evaluated in three
different contexts. The first pertains to breed-specific characteristic
behavior, the second to bite frequency as opposed to the frequency of
severe injuries, and the third to degree of relative risk.
Of the breeds most often involved in incidents of sufficient severity
to be listed, pit bull terriers are noteworthy for attacking adults almost
as frequently as children. This is a very rare pattern: children are
normally at greatest risk from dogbite because they play with dogs more
often, have less experience in reading dog behavior, are more likely to
engage in activity that alarms or stimulates a dog, and are less able to
defend themselves when a dog becomes aggressive. Pit bulls seem to differ
behaviorally from other dogs in having far less inhibition about attacking
people who are larger than they are. They are also notorious for attacking
seemingly without warning, a tendency exacerbated by the custom of docking
pit bulls' tails so that warning signals are not easily recognized. Thus
the adult victim of a pit bull attack may have had little or no opportunity
to read the warning signals that would avert an attack from any other dog.
Rottweilers by contrast show a fairly normal child/adult attack
ratio. They seem to show up disproportionately often in the mauling,
killing, and maiming statistics simply because they are both quite popular
and very powerful, capable of doing a great deal of damage in cases where
bites by other breeds might be relatively harmless.
Wolf hybrids, German shepherds, and huskies are at the extreme
opposite end of the scale, almost never inflicting severe injury on
adults--but it would be a huge mistake to assume that these seemingly
similar patterns reflect similar behavior. They do not. In fact, German
shepherds and German shepherd mixes in which the German shepherd line
predominates together amount to 16% of the entire U.S. and Canadian dog
population, according to the data we have on breed-specific licensing, or
just about nine million total dogs. There are by contrast only about
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300,000 recognized wolf hybrids: about one for every 30 German shepherds.
Relative to their overall numbers, wolf hybrids are accordingly 60 times
more likely to kill or maim a child than a German shepherd--and that is
before even beginning to consider the critical behavioral distinctions.
German shepherds are herding dogs, bred for generations to guide and
protect sheep. In modern society, they are among the dogs of choice for
families with small children, because of their extremely strong protective
instinct. They have three distinctively different kinds of bite: the
guiding nip, which is gentle and does not break the skin; the
grab-and-drag, to pull a puppy or lamb or child away from danger, which is
as gentle as emergency circumstances allow; and the reactive bite, usually
in defense of territory, a child, or someone else the dog is inclined to
guard. The reactive bite usually comes only after many warning barks,
growls, and other exhibitions intended to avert a conflict. When it does
come, it is typically accompanied by a frontal leap for the wrist or
throat.
Because German shepherds often use the guiding nip and the
grab-and-drag with children, who sometimes misread the dogs' intentions and
pull away in panic, they are involved in biting incidents at almost twice
the rate that their numbers alone would predict: approximately 28% of all
bite cases, according to a recent five-year compilation of Minneapolis
animal control data. Yet none of the Minneapolis bites by German shepherds
involved a serious injury: hurting someone is almost never the dogs'
intent.
In the German shepherd mauling, killing, and maiming cases I have
recorded, there have almost always been circumstances of duress: the dog
was deranged from being kept alone on a chain for prolonged periods without
human contract, was starving, was otherwise severely abused, was
protecting puppies, or was part of a pack including other dangerous dogs.
None of the German shepherd attacks have involved predatory behavior on the
part of an otherwise healthy dog.
Every one of the wolf hybrid attacks, however, seems to have been
predatory. Only four of the fatality victims were older than age seven,
and all three were of small stature. The first adult fatality was killed in
the presence of her two young sons, whom she was apparently trying to
protect. The second was killed while apparently trying to protect her dog.
Most of the victims were killed very quickly. Some never knew the wolf
hybrid was present. Some may never have known what hit them. Some were
killed right in front of parents, who had no time to react.
Unlike German shepherds, wolf hybrids are usually kept well apart from
children, and from any people other than their owners. Yet they have still
found more opportunity to kill and maim than members of any other breeds
except pit bull terriers and Rottweilers, each of whom may outnumber wolf
hybrids by about 10 to 1.
Huskies appear to be a special case, in that even though they are
common in the U.S., the life-threatening attacks involving them have
virtually all occured in Alaska, the Northwest Territories, the Yukon,
Labrador, and the northernmost parts of Quebec. In these regions, huskies
are frequently kept in packs, in semi-natural conditions, and in some
cases are even allowed to spend summers without regular human supervision.
Thus many of the husky attack cases might be viewed more as attacks by feral
animals, even though they technically qualified for this log because they
were identified as owned and trained animals, who were supposed to know that
they were not to attack.
Akitas, Malamutes, and Samoyeds have a similar attack pattern,
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but while these are also "northern breeds" commonly used to pull sleds,
most of the attacks by Akitas, Malamutes, and Samoyeds have occurred in
ordinary home situations. Cumulatively, the northern breeds appear to have
an attack pattern resembling that of wolf hybrids more than that of most
other dogs--which might merely point toward the numbers of wolf hybrids who
are illegally kept under the pretense that they are various of the northern
breeds.